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Insulin is a type of hormone secreted by a group of cells in the pancreas called islet cells. Insulin is a protein just like most hormones. When carbohydrates and sugars are absorbed into the bloodstream from the intestines subsequent to a meal, insulin works to regulate the increase in blood sugar.

Brief history about the discovery of insulin

This hormone was first identified during the late 1920s. Banting and Best, a doctor and a medical student respectively were responsible for discovering insulin. They went about in the process of discovery of insulin by attaching strings around a few dog’s pancreatic ducts. Subsequently they saw that the entire pancreas digestive cells had died, save a few thousands of pancreatic islets. Banting and Best isolated protein from these cells leading to the discovery of insulin. Insulin is manufactured in much higher quantities than other hormones secreted by various types of cells within the pancreas. The first successful commercial insulin was prepared from cows (bovines) and pigs (porcine). However for those patients who are prone to developing allergic conditions, human insulin came to be discovered through recombinant DNA techniques.

Functions of insulin

The main function of insulin is to allow cells to utilize glucose for energy. The cells either use the glucose for energy production or send it to the liver for preservation in the form of glycogen. Insulin insufficiency causes Diabetes mellitus, wherein excess glucose builds up in the bloodstream. In addition to regulation of glucose metabolism, insulin also has other roles to play. Some of these include:
Stimulation of lipogenesis: It is the process whereby simple sugars like glucose are transformed to fatty acids. These are then converted to form the triacylglycerols with the combination of glycerol that are secreted from the liver.
Reduces Lipolysis: Insulin helps in reducing unnecessary breakdown of fat cells.
Insulin even helps in increasing amino acid transportation into cells, DNA synthesis, and also cell replication.

Types of insulin

There are different types of insulin products in the market available in four main forms. These are:
Short – acting: Short – acting or regular insulin starts to work in 30 minutes. These help in lowering blood glucose level in 2 to 4 hours. Their effect gets over in 5 to 7 hours.
Intermediate – acting: Lente (l) insulin starts working within 1 to 2 hours. These lower glucose levels in the blood in 6 to 11 hours. The effect lasts at the most 16 to 23 hours.
Long – acting: Ultralente (U) helps in lowering blood glucose in 8 to 21 hours.
Very long – acting: This acts steadily to lower blood glucose throughout 24 hours.

The decision as to which category of insulin is to be used depends on a physician’s preference, the patient’s lifestyle, and his blood sugar level. The development of insulin inhalers has brought relief to a lot of diabetic patients who were earlier dependent on insulin shots. A thorough understanding of insulin treatments will help a patient fight with diabetes better.